Financial Analysis of Hershey and Tootsie Roll Essay

Introduction Tootsie Roll and Hershey are two similar companies with a similar product offering, but they operate on entirely different scales. In an effort to determine the better investment of the two companies we will utilize multiple financial analysis ratios to gauge the health of the respective companies in terms of liquidity (the ability to pay short-term liabilities and respond to opportunities), solvency (the long-term viability of the company) and profitability (the efficiency at which the can turn it’s resources into profits). However, the snapshot picture of health that a single years worth of financial statements provide is not enough. Below we have offered a horizontal analysis of the respective companies to show the change in their health from 2012 to 2013 and analyzed the two companies against each other to show why we recommend Hershey as the better investment. Liquidity and Solvency Current Ratio The current ratio is defined as the current assets divided by the current liabilities for a given period. This ratio is important because it helps measure a company’s ability to pay their current liabilities with their current assets. This shows helps determine the liquidity of the companies and their ability to respond to market opportunities. Tootsie Roll has a current ratio of 3.25 in 2012 and 3.99 in 2013(an 18.5 percent increase). Hershey, on the other hand, has a current ratio of 1.44 and 1.77 (also an 18.5 percent increase) respectively. Both companies have increased year over year. As the current ratio shows, the Tootsie maintains a healthier ratio, but both have improved at the same rate. Debt to Asset Ratio This is a comparison of the debt-to-total asset ratio; also known as the leverage ratio, of both companies. This ratio is a good measure of solvency as it shows the percentage of assets that are financed with debt. Tootsie Roll has a ratio of 23 percent for both years while Hershey has a ratio of 78 percent and 70 percent respective to 2012 and 2013. Generally, this number should not be too high. While Hershey’s numbers are higher than Tootsie Roll’s, Hershey’s numbers have improved over the year. Furthermore, we believe Tootsie Roll may actually be under-leveraged since, â€Å"Having a healthy amount of debt can actually enhance a company’s profitability, in terms of the shareholders’ investment† (Harrison, Horngren, Thomas, 2013). As will be seen from the following ratios on profitability, Hershey is more efficiently turning their assets into profits, suggesting a better use of the healthy leverage shown in the debt to asset ratio. Profitability Gross Profit Rate A major factor for investors will always be the profitability of a company. One of the fundamental ratios to utilize when measuring the ability of a company to create a profit is the gross profit ratio, which is important for internal use as well as external use. For example: â€Å"Gross profit percentage is markup stated as a percentage of sales†. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) This ratio will identify how much gross profit is being generated by every dollar the company generates though sales. Investors will always want to carefully keep track of the gross profit ratio in order to identify a downturn or an upturn in profits. Furthermore, The Hershey Company had a higher increase in gross profit ratio than Tootsie Roll Industries. The Hershey Company managed to increase the profit ratio from 43 percent in the year 2012 to 48 percent in the year 2013. This shows that The Hershey Company managed to increase their profit ratio by 11.5 percent from previous year. Tootsie Roll, on the other hand, also improved year over year, but only by 5.5 percent to reach a gross profit rate of 35 percent in 2013. It is important to note that the minimum increase in gross profit for every dollar of sales can make a huge difference in profits. For example: â€Å"an upturn by a small percentage can mean millions of dollars in additional profits†. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) Even though the cost of goods sold consumes $0.52 of each sale, The Hershey Company managed to generate a  profit of $0.48 for each dollar of sales. Profit Margin Ratio The profit margin ratio demonstrates the ability of a company to increase the percentage of net income earned for every dollar of sales. For example: â€Å"this ratio shows the percentage of each sales dollar earned as net income†. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) The Hershey Company was able to increase the profit margin ratio from 10 percent in 2012 to 11 percent in 2013. The increase in profit margin from the previous year 2012 shows that the performance of the company is increasing which means that revenue is increasing or expenses are decreasing. Furthermore, The Hershey Company is managing their performance efficiently and this is directly reflected in profit margin ratio. Return on Assets The return on assets (ROA) ratio helps measure how profitable a company is in relation to its total assets. In the case of Tootsie Roll, the company had an ROA of .06 in 2012 and an ROA of .07 in 2013. This is an increase of close to 16.7 percent year over year. Hershey, on the other hand had an ROA of .14 in 2012 and .16 in 2013. Hershey’s rising ROA is comparable at 14.3 percent. With change 16.7 percent and 14.3 percent being so similar, we favor Hershey’s ROA at the higher rate of .16 in 2013 as opposed to Tootsie Roll’s relatively meager .07 ROA. Payout Ratio The payout ratio will help make the final case of Hershey as the better investment of the comparable companies. The payout ratio measures the proportion of earnings that are paid to investors and shareholders. Because dividends are so important to the investment opportunity, this is an important ratio when looking at a company for investment income. In 2012 Tootsie Roll had a high payout ratio of 1.01 percent where Hershey’s was 52 percent in comparison. However, in 2013 Tootsie Roll’s payout ratio dropped a huge, 77 percent to 23 a percent ratio. Hershey’s payout ratio also dropped, but only 7.6 percent to 48 a percent ratio. Not only is 48 percent a better current number than Tootsie Roll’s .23, but as a long-term investment Hershey shows much more stability. Therefore Hershey continues to stand out as the stronger investment opportunity. Conclusion Determining the better of two companies to invest in is risky business and involves many factors outside of the numbers provided on financial statements. However, we have seen that by looking at the liquidity, solvency and profitability of the companies against each other an over time, we can gain valuable insights as to how well the respective companies are performing in the current environment and how well they are positioned to take advantage of rising opportunities and threats. Our analysis of Tootsie Roll and Hershey show that while Tootsie Roll has safer numbers in respect to liquidity and solvency, Hershey is clearly more efficiently using both it’s assets and liabilities to turn higher profits and pass that money on to it’s investors. Therefore, The Hershey Company is the clear choice to invest with. Bibliography Harrison, W. T. (2013). Financial Accounting, VitalSource for DeVry University, (9th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. Hershey. (2013). SEC Annual Report. SEC. Hershey: The Hershey Company. Tootsie Roll Industries. (2013). SEC Filing 10-K 2013. Chicago: Tootsie Roll.

Animal Abuse Essay

Taking a stand against animal abuse In today’s society people tend to turn to a blind eye to the animal abuse that occurs every day in America, whether it is by their decision to support certain companies that use animals for experimentation or choosing to be neglectful to animal abuse. Animal Cruelty is a big problem today, anyone could help stop it by adopting animals from shelters, rescuing animals or reporting problems like people leaving animals in hot cars or leaving them in their backyard without food or water.Helping animals is really easy you can do something as simple as checking A random dog you see for tags, and if you see that it has no tags then you should most likely take it to an animal shelter somewhere nearby, or you could do something like checking for abusive signs on animals, you could look how their living environment is and see if it’s an healthy environment for that animal to live in, Check for burns hair loss or any other abusive signs on the an imals skin or coat, and if you see these signs on the animal make sure you know who to call as in the animal shelter or the police to get it taken care of so that problem can be dealt with.Adopting animals is a great way to help with problems like this you could do something like going to an animal shelter and looking for an abused animal in need that you could take care of so you could bring it home and give it the love it deserves instead of getting abused, or if you saw a stray dog that looks hungry and lonely you could take it in to your home and take care of it or if you didn’t want to take it with you, something else you could do is bring it down to an animal shelter so someone else could adopt it and take care of the animal, Animal abuse isn’t a hard thing to handle you could do something as easy as checking inside hot cars to check if people left their animal inside to adopting an animal from a shelter to rescuing or taking in stray animals, every year 1,654,54 5,000,000 animals are killed from animal cruelty.Animal cruelty is wrong in so many ways and it an a big Epidemic that needs to be stopped it anyone can easily help by doing some of these things and it is not all that hard to do simple things like checking cars or looking at an animals skin is really fast and simple and all you would have to do is report it so many animals are abused every year and if someone were to do these things it would greatly help. Animal Cruelty in today’s world is becoming a growing problem; I myself have gone and become a helping hand in preventing Animal Cruelty by Helping, Check, and Adopting AnimalsDoing these things can really help prevent Animal abuse this is how I stand against Animal abuse.

A Problem Of Rivarly Through The Advertising

A Problem Of Rivarly Through The Advertising Is competitive advertising a good way to present your advertising of your product to the public? Diagnosis of the problem The problem is that the companies compete with each other through advertising and in the advertising they tend to criticize their competitors. Comparative advertising. When they start advertising in this way the start a chain reaction. The first company makes the first advertisement which criticizes the second company and they will react on this with a lawsuit. The third company will profit from this with their own advertising and lawsuits. And this results in bad advertising and a lot of lawsuits. If you look at this case you see that Burger king started with a comparative advertising. Burger King compared their hamburger with the hamburger from Mc Donalds. Mc Donalds reacted with a lawsuit. This gives Mc Donalds and Burger King free publicity witch resulted in Wendys reacting with their own lawsuit. Although this war of words give the companies free publicity it also creates negative publicity. The lawsuits also generates bad publicity and will reverse the effect the advertising had in the first place. The lawsuits creates costs which results in a higher selling price for the costumer. The costumer will not appreciate this and will buy less hamburgers (in this case). Which result in less profit for the company. In this case the companies in the end profited from the advertising war. But as I said in the last paragraph this is not always the case. The three companies showed an increase in sales after everything was over. People say that bad press is better than no press at all. After this case you can ask your self the question whether the companies had planned this war of words. I think that this is possible but highly unethical. I think that it is unethical because you mislead the customer. They get fooled by the information put forward by the fast food companies. In my opinion companies should be honest and ethical in their promotion. This is not the case here. I think it is not ethical to criticize a product from another company to promote your own product. Competitive advertising is in my opinion not the best way to advertise the product. I think that advertising should be positive. If you compare your product to that of an other company you give the advertisement a negative ring to it. You say that you are better that the competition. But you make the customer think about the competition at the same time. It is better to use only your own product and promote it through advertisements focusing on your own company and product. A positive advertising has more effect on the public than a negative one. In Belgium it is not yet allowed to use comparative advertising. This is with the intention to protect consumers but also competitive companies against unlawful advertisements. In Belgium it is seen as unethical and misleading to use comparative advertising. This is why something like the hamburger wars would not occur in Belgium. In Belgium they use positive advertising to promote their products. Fast food in Belgium Fast-food restaurants are defined as restaurants that are specialised in food that may be prepared and served quickly. Fast food is designed for ready availability, use or consumption. Food such as hamburgers, pizzas or fried chicken, that is prepared in quantity by a standardised method and can be dispensed quickly at inexpensive restaurants for eating there or elsewhere , are usually recognised as fast-food restaurants. Next to that we also consider the traditional Belgian Chips shops and the healthy fast-food restaurants as major competitors for Burger King. Sandwich bars (e.g. Panos), soup bars, Asian or other foreign food (e.g. WokAWay, pita, pizza, Thai or Chinese etc ) are getting more and more popular in Belgium. Still Mc Donalds and Quick would remain the biggest competitors in the fast-food industry of Belgium. Both of them are strongly present in Belgium, Food is a major component of the Belgian culture. This is evidenced by the fact that they spend about 20 percent of their disposable income on food and beverages. The Belgian fast-food franchising market is growing at an estimated annual rate of about 10 to 12 percent. Beside that, this sector is also one of the fastest growing sectors in Belgium (from 1997 till 2001). The fast-food concept is now beginning to provide an alternative format, especially for the lunchtime consumer, tourists and those on tight budgets. Strengths Mc Donalds Leader in Europe Ranked as 2nd in the hamburger market in Belgium. Mc Donalds restaurants highest concentrations are in the Flanders and the Brussels Central regions. Nowadays there are 56 restaurants in Belgium, of which 55 are local franchised (with a 24 franchise- owners in total). Play centres for young children Fast and friendly service, clean facilities, good food and an affordable price A strong brand image in the local community Environment-friendly (clean restaurant in-outside/ minimum fragrance and noise/ recycling, well checked detritus oil) Global knowledge Varied menu (hamburgers, salads, ice-cream, Mc Veggie, Happy Meal) Drive-in, Take-away Quick Market leader in Belgium and France The GIB Group has surpassed its original goal of having one Quick per one hundred thousand people in Belgium or one hundred Quick outlets for the Belgian population of ten million. Now 105 outlets. Quality of the ingredients (fresh bread, no genetically modified ingredients,) Application of the severe norms concerning food safety Respect for the environment (e.g. packaging) Total transparency against his customers A know-how in service for co-workers and partners Varied menu Quick Express service, which is a revolutionary concept that involves selling hamburgers on the streets to pedestrians Many Quick restaurants are located in the parking lots of hyper- and super-markets of the GIB group (GB) The use of Belgian meat for the hamburgers The benefit from their strong reputation of being Belgian Weaknesses Mc Donalds Has been a target for animal rights demonstrations over the past few years Has been the focal point of these economic frustrations resulting in protests, acts of vandalism Quick Only represented in few European countries and a few non-European countries (Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Hungary, Morocco, China) No/low market share (except in Belgium and France) No really relevance in international experience Opportunities Mc Donalds In the next two to four years: multiply the current 64 restaurants to over 100 this implies the creation of 3,600 new jobs. They want to be more present in Belgium in the future, with 70% of McDonalds new investment in the Flanders region. Quick Advertising stunts / promos (free Maxi menus for everybody who comes in cowboy outfit including horse) New receipts for the next years Cooperation with Kinepolis (Reduction for Kinepolis members) The Belgian retailer GIB is researching several options concerning the future of its fast food chain of restaurants Quick. GIB owns 57.9 % of Quick, and is reportedly looking for a strategic partnership for its ailing chain. GIB is considering several options: it could be an operational partnership, or a financial partnership, or even one that offers both aspects. Several names of other fast food companies are already circulating, including those of Wendys and Burger King of UK-based drinks giant Diageo. Threats Both will deal with the following threat ; growing fast food franchising. More and more fast food restaurants will have possibilities (opportunities), not only the hamburger restaurants. Mc Donalds Quick is market leader in Belgium with 105 outlets Mc Donalds had planned to have one hundred restaurants by the year 2000. But because of a combination of high real estate costs combined and significant difficulties in obtaining site permits this has not happened. The big obstacle remains the one of the labour cost issue. In labour intensive restaurants, the problems of job classification and minimum wages have the effect of increasing labour costs. Quick No awareness outside Belgium, France and Luxembourg No/low market share (except in Belgium and France) Less financial vehicles then their competitors Difficult years till 2002 (different years of crisis). 2002 was the year of recovery Despite the fact that Quick is the largest hamburger chain, American companies have set the pace in the Belgian fast-food market. Fast-food only represents about 5 percent of restaurants sales, which means that the Belgian fast-food sector still lags behind many of its European neighbours. This could be seen as an opportunity for expansion, as Belgium diversifies its traditional eating habits influenced by increased population mobility in a changing Europe. Next to that, Belgium has one of the highest percentages of inbound franchises as a proportion of franchise systems in the European Union, which helps to contribute to the strong competition present in the fast-food sector. Although the most popular fast-food items are hamburgers and pizzas, Belgians continue to have more healthy eating habits. There is a preference for sandwiches, soups, etc This is a result of the dioxin crisis of 1999; Belgians remain septic about food in general. Beside that Belgians are open for new eating concepts and are willing to support new fast food concepts. As the Belgians are having less time for lunch, a quick meal could be the ideal solution, taking into account their preferences. Articles promoting the health problems linked to fast food may have an important impact on social behaviour of the Belgian population (e.g. obesity, illness,). These well-known health problems are not really relevant for the Belgian consumer, because it is fact that the American eating behaviour is different from the Belgians, e.g less fat products, smaller portions, not as frequently visiting fast food chains. Also, Belgians are quite sensitive to the quality of food in general because of previous health dramas the last 4 years (BSE, Bird-plague, etc). It is important that people wont loose their faith in our quality labelled food. Environmental concerns are growing in Belgium; hence foods packaged in earth-friendly biodegradable materials make up a growing segment of the market. Next to that it is important for restaurants to state that the food they offer is not made from genetically modified ingredients. Operational problems increase because it is difficult to obtain planning permissions and licenses in Belgium. The labour costs are also excessively high. This results in a big disadvantage because fast food restaurants are labour intensive. It is of high importance to notice that Belgians believe in their Belgian national pride (as they are a small country). Belgians tend to perceive the United States as a culturally imperialist country. The biggest chance for a hamburger chain to enter the Belgian fast food market would be, offering a value added product in this market. Making each burger according to the customers wishes might appeal to this necessity. By doing this they distinguish themselves from other already existing chains like Quick and McDonalds Two possible niche markets might work; hamburgers at home and hamburgers booth on wheels for festivals (concept of hot-dog booth). This because home delivery is a service well accepted by the Belgians. Secondly, because Belgium is a festival country (Gentse Feesten, Rock Werchter, Beachrock, Pukkelpop, ). The two possibilities can give an added value to the fast food concept, taken into consideration that, extra precautions and new equipments will be necessary. Another possibility is positioning the hamburger restaurant near or at a petrol station or a railway station. The investigation ordered by Rik Daems, minister of Telecommunication and Government Organizations, pointed out some economical facts which might be of interest. One of this is the increasing importance of petrol stations within the Belgian out-of-home-market. The petrol stations are within that market one of the fastest growing segments. Shops, annexed to petrol stations have become strong values within the food service landscape. In these shops, the traditional assortment became broader with more (fresh) impulse articles that anticipate on the on-the-move eating behavior of actual consumers. (Bake-off, pizza, ) Belgium has one of the highest percentages of inbound franchises as a proportion of franchise systems in the European Union, which contributes to the strong competition present in the fast-food sector. Nowadays, Belgium has a high unemployment rate. This might be an opportunity for a new hamburger restaurant, knowing that each restaurant creates new job opportunities inside the region where it would implement (about 70 employees/ restaurant). There are three reasons why I think it is not a good idea for a new fast-food chain to enter the Belgian market. First because Quick and Mc Donalds are the key players in the hamburger market in Belgium. Second, the Belgian market is relatively small compared to other European markets such as Germany or the UK. Third, there are already too many fast food opportunities in Belgium. Nevertheless, if I really would like to play a significant role in the Belgian fast food market, I should think about some methods of strategy development. I could choose between internal development, M A or joint developments and strategic alliances. Mergers and acquisitions are out of the question, I assume that the key players, Quick and Mc Donalds, are not willing to give up their brand name to me a new fast-food restaurant. Joint developments and strategic alliances can be considered. My main reason for this strategy is the cost/risk spreading. The Belgian fast food market is very competitive and difficult. Therefore, I think that I should establish a joint venture, strategic alliance or partnership with other fast food chains in Belgium, e.g. with Panos or Carestel. Panos is present in the Belgian railway stations, known as Panos rail. Since there are just a few hamburger restaurants in the stations, it is an opportunity for me to be the first hamburger chain to be large-scale present there. Carestel, established on 40 different places along the high ways in Belgium and Luxemburg, offers breakfast, traditional Belgian meals, pasta, salads and sandwiches. Starting up a joint venture with Carestel would put me in a unique position to be present along the Belgian highways. The existing platform of Panos and Carestel can be used to accelerate the growth of the brand in Belgium and even across Europe. The size of Panos and Carestels operations and the availability of immediate locations will enable rapid development of a new fast-food restaurant in Belgium. The essence of a joint venture is the synergy effect of two different entities merging. Such an international business strategy will attempt to; solve many logistic problems such as access to good quality meat and other supplies, ease the access to the Belgium market, share risk with a local entity, and finally serve as a sign of commitment to the host government increasing goodwill. In addition, due to the complexity of many barriers to entry into Belgium, a potential partner with sufficient contacts/networks with government agency officials may smoothen the process of setting-up operations in the nation. The potential joint-venture partner should be large, well established, provide excellent distribution channels and have personal network access to government officials. It should also have modern equipment and a good management record. It is recommended that a partner is found by backwards integration. In other words, it is a good domestic meat supplier. In order to ensure total commitment and balance of power between the two partners, a 55/45 joint venture, with me as the dominant partner should be set-up. A joint venture will also significantly ease the entry to the Belgium market. In addition, local business customs and laws can be quicker understood and the local knowledge of culture, language and geography is beneficial for any entrant into a relatively unknown market. Concerning a joint venture with Panos rail, I see this concept more like one location where we are both present and where the consumer can choose between a sandwich or a burger. The reason for the shared site is only practical. Suppose a group of people coming for a snack but they have to be dining separately, is not nice. The consumer can choose in which section he wants to sit, even with a burger is should be possible to sit in the Panos rail area. The fact that the consumer is offered additional choices and varieties on one site is the major commercial advantage. For Panos this would be a unique opportunity to try this concept, and if the joint venture succeeds, Panos could implement this strategy in other European countries. Currently, they only have one franchise abroad, namely in the Netherlands along the A6 in a Q8 petrol station. I think that the best way of promoting my product when it is present at a railway station is in my opinion giving price reductions or free coupons to potential customers by combining the promotion with the train ticket. When a person buys a ticket they will get a coupon or something like that to persuade them to visit my restaurant and buy something. Concerning Carestel, situated along some petrol station on the Belgian highways, we can set up a joint venture. On the current sites of Carestel we could create a burger section and similar like in the railway stations, the dining area should not be separate. It is obvious that these restaurants only have to be established along the busy highways like E 19 Antwerp-Brussels, E 17 Antwerp-Ghent, E 420 Brussels-Charleroi, which is already the case for Carestel. In this case the promotion will probably be in the form of billboards present at the highway or at the sign of the petrol station. I will also try to establish an agreement with the petrol station for coupons and promotion related items to be placed at the counter to make the customers aware that I am there and to persuade them to visit me and try my products.

A Sorrowful Woman Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Sorrowful Woman - Assignment Example la story with a predictable plot and happy ending, Godwin deals with a much more sophisticated plot that involves mysterious turns of events and unpredictable responses by characters. Kai, the male protagonist of Zee’s story exhibits all the stereotypes of a masculine, insistent lover who invades the personal space of Faye in order to assert his ‘ownership’ of her. Faye is thinking of sacrificing their love because she cannot conceive a child. After a lot of melodrama, she manages to tell this to Kay, and Kay assures her that he will marry her not because she is â€Å"some kind of baby factory†. In his words, â€Å"I love you, not your procreating ability. So we have a problem. Well, we’ll learn to deal with it† (35). The story had already reached its predictable height of clichà © earlier when he proclaimed, â€Å"No other woman can give me what you can—yourself, your love, your warmth, your sense of humor. All the facets of your personality that make up the final you [†¦]. That’s what love is all about’† (34). On the other hand, the reason for sorrow of the nameless woman in Godwin’s story is not clearly stated. Readers will be tempted to read their versions of story, as its events progress and lead to a totally unpredictable and tragic end. When the woman starts to exhibit signs of a nervous breakdown, the husband tries his best to adjust with the new situation. He even sacrifices a lot of his time and energy to cook, clean and look after their son all by his own, while being a dutiful husband who looks after his wife’s health needs as well. However, there is no reference in the story where he tries to convince her of his love for her, other than through his actions. The woman is in fact convinced that he cares for her, but she cannot help but being a distant, indifferent wife and mother. It upsets her when her son shows the smallest sign of violence or carelessness towards her. She fires the girl who was hired to look after him, because she

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading Response - Essay Example Global Context According to studies by scholars it is evident that there has been a global shift with regard to immigration integration. Back in the early 1970s there had been growing support for multiculturalism but however in the 1990s and 2000s the shift has become evident and people are proving to move away from multiculturalism and rather taking to cohesion and integration (Dekkers 189-205). We could use the example of Netherlands who at some point adapted one of the best forms of multiculturalism in the whole of Europe, and that was in the 1980s. However they started dropping the policies bit by bit in the early 1990s up to when it seemed impossible in the 2000s when the entire system was entirely dropped and came to be replaced with very harsh policies which can be termed as not far from old fashion assimilation. Multiculturalism has experienced no form of success ever in the Europe and with it has brought many serious consequences. The only way to handle this is by insisting to new comers to fully subject to their new identity. They should fully embrace the Dutch or British in terms of their social lives and if at all their ethnic identities are to be preserved then they should not be done so in public. The European verses the Canadian Model: Relationship and impact In Europe multiculturalism has been attributed to several ills such as isolation of immigrants, residential ghettoization discrimination against ethnic, increased stereotyping and others as stated in the case. However the perception of multiculturalism playing role to all these can be put up for debate since there exists no tangible evidence showing that the ills named above are more prevalent in countries who failed to adopt the multiculturalism policies (Hyman 1-14). Some views have been aired by several commentators’ and they can be summarized to reveal that multiculturalism has drastically failed in Europe leading to greater stereotyping, prejudice and greater segregation. Many Ca nadians also think that they may be immune to this issue but it is evident that this same issue is gradually emerging in Canada. The only remedy either being the abolition of the multiculturalism or post-cultureless. Canada had adopted an assimilationist approach to ethnic groups that carried the hope of having the immigrants to fully assimilate to the pre-existing mainstream culture and still hoped that with time they would be fully absorbed and become indistinguishable. In around 1971 there was the adoption of the multiculturalism policy and the main goals included assisting all Canadian cultural groups having demonstrated full desire and effort to continue to develop a capacity to grow and offer contributions to Canada, to promote creative encounters among all Canadian groups and assisting immigrants to fully acquire the rights to participate in the Canadian society by learning at least one Canadian official language. There is an area where multiculturalism seems to overlap and t his concerns racism and discrimination. Although the aboriginal people are not counted as visible minorities, they are still clear victims of racism. Within the category of visible minorities there are important differences in the nature of the nature of the types of racism they encounter.is is also believed that anti-black racism is far much different from the type of racism faced by the visible minorities. If we tried to take a look at the statistics

Seminar in criminology classmate response 7 Essay

Seminar in criminology classmate response 7 - Essay Example I had a hard time understanding the connection between the authors of the article that Gaitan references and other names such as â€Å"Cassia Spohn and Jerry Cederblom†. In my opinion, it is not clear whether these are the authors of another article or researchers that are mentioned in Kalven and Zeisel’s article. Gaitan has also not provided the reader with enough information on how people from minority groups get sentenced to death. Gaitan has only mentioned the sentencing trends of African-Americans but there is no information on the sentencing trends of other minority groups in America. In my view, Gaitan should have also mentioned about the other sentencing trends of other minority groups, such as Asians, Arabs, Native-Americans and Mexican-Americans among others. In my view, this would have made a better representation of minority groups and how the judges made their decisions regarding each group. Gaitan has also mentioned that another study conducted by Larry Hembroff and James Unnever had similar results. In my opinion, it was also difficult to tell whether these were researchers in the article by Kalven and Zeisel (1996), or authors of a new article. Kalven, H., & Zeisel, H. (1966). The American jury. In A. Thistlethwaite & J. Wooldredge (Eds.), Forty Studies that Changed Criminal Justice: Explorations into the History of Criminal Justice Research (pp. 183-190). Boston: Little, Brown &

Australian Hospital Pharmacy -career options and challenges Assignment

Australian Hospital Pharmacy -career options and challenges - Assignment Example These collaborative efforts aim at coming up with the most appropriate method for dealing with a patient’s problems or health. Numerous hospitals focus on particular fields like oncology or surgery. From 1996 to 1999, the general population of graduated pharmacists in Australia increased from 13,834 to 14,747 (The Pharmacist, 2011, p. 731). Shortly after this rise, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare projected a deficiency of pharmacy after 2010. On the contrary, health employers reported a surplus of pharmacists in Australia in 2011. There were 27,226 listed pharmacists by March 2013 in Australia. More than half of these pharmacists are over the age of 35 (The Pharmacist, 2011 p. 732). Hospital pharmacists early in their career in Australia can offer themselves an advantage in their lines of work market. These advantages are achievable by pursuing options in modern roles in Australian hospital pharmacy. The following is a list of the advantages. All professions make crucial contributions to the Australian community (Low, Hattingh, & Forrester, 2009, p. 231). Similarly, hospital pharmacists play a vital part in keeping patients healthy and industrious. Less than a decade ago, hospital pharmacy was a less rewarding profession than other types of pharmacy. Today, the odds have shifted. The part played by hospital pharmacists grew tremendously during the past five years. Today, hospital pharmacists operate in wards along with other medical professionals, playing an important part in the delivery of healthcare. Even though yearly income is still low for overall pharmacists in Australia, the working conditions for hospital pharmacists have improved significantly. The latest income survey indicated that the degrees of permanent job opportunities in hospital pharmacy are much more than for community pharmacists. In addition, their